Jodek Potasu, CAS 7681-11-0 — etykieta produktu chemicznego
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Jodek Potasu

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🧬 3D Molecule Visualizer
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3D model potassium iodide, CAS 7681-11-0, molecular formula KI, masa molowa 166.0028 g/mol
Chemical Overview: Potassium iodideMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Molecular formulaKI
Molecular weight166.0028 g/mol
Melting point681 °C
Boiling point1323 °C
Density3.12 g/cm³
IUPAC namepotassium iodide
SMILES[K+].[I-]
InChIKeyNLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Synonyms: potassium iodide · 7681-11-0 · Thyro-Block · Pima · Kali iodide

Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-07-09

📊 Physical & Chemical Properties

Quick Reference

Formula: IK
MW: 166.00 g/mol
CAS: 7681-11-0
Appearance: Colorless or white, cubical crystals, white granules, or powder

Detailed Properties

Property Value Unit Conditions Source
Density (ρ) 3.1200 g/cm³ 20°C PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Melting Point (mp) 1258 °F (USCG, 1999) PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Boiling Point (bp) Very high (USCG, 1999) PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Vapor Pressure 1 [mm Hg] @745 °C PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Water Solubility Slightly soluble in ethanol PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
🔬 Advanced Properties

Chemical Identifiers

SMILES: [K+].[I-]
InChI: InChI=1S/HI.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
InChIKey: NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Data sources: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)

Last updated: 2026-06-25

Regulatory status of the substance
No entries for this CAS in the restriction lists checked (SVHC candidate list, REACH Annex XVII; datasets incomplete — this is not a confirmation of compliance). CLP classification and transport status (ADR): see the GHS section and the safety data sheet (SDS).
🧮 Stoichiometry CalculatorMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Dane chemiczneMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numer CAS
7681-11-0
Wzór sumaryczny
KI
Masa molowa
166.0028 g/mol
Nazwy polskie
jodek potasu
Nazwa IUPAC (EN)
potassium iodide
SMILES
[K+].[I-]
InChIKey
NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M
🔍 External identifiersMolGod_EXTID_1
14 of 16 ID systems88%
BazaIdentifierActions
CAS Registry Number7681-11-0Open →
PubChem CID4875Open →
InChIKeyNLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-MOpen →
InChIInChI=1S/HI.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
SMILES[K+].[I-]
EC Number231-659-4Open →
DrugBankDB06715Open →
KEGG CompoundD01016Open →
HMDBHMDB0303550Open →
ChemSpider4709Open →
MeSH UID (NLM)D011193Open →
UNII (FDA)1C4QK22F9JOpen →
NSC Number (NCI)77362Open →
WikiData QIDQ121874Open →

Sources: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📡 Spectroscopy — CAS 7681-11-0MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
MolGod_SPECDB_SP2
📊 Spectroscopic spectra databases — inline data 8 sources MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spectra are fetched on demand from 9 sources. Each spectrum is stored in our database — the next time it is opened there are zero requests to the external API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG for every spectrum without searching.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Click to load spectrum
🔗 Source
0 points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Click to load spectrum
🔗 Source
0 points
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Click to load spectrum
🔗 Source
0 points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Click to load spectrum
🔗 Source
0 points
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

Data retrieved via MolGod_Spectra_Remote_Fetcher (JCAMP-DX parser) and stored in the wp_molgod_spectra_cache table. Zero duplicate downloads, zero repeat queries to NIST on subsequent visits. Licensing terms are respected (only a deep link plus our own visualization is published).

🔬 Interactive spectra (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Data retrieved live from multiple sources (priority chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG available for download under each spectrum.

IR — Fourier-transform infrared

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MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)

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📐 Physical & Chemical Properties (DB) 9 fields MolGod Score: Reliable
Property Value Unit Conditions Source
Melting point 681.00 [5][6][11] °C 1 atm PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Boiling point 1323.00 [5][6][11] °C 760 mmHg PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Water solubility soluble (≥999) [5] g/L 25°C PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Density (ρ) 3.1200 [5] g/cm³ 20°C PubChem PUG-View (2026)
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) (12 sources)
  1. Haynes, William M., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-55554-4. ↗
  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Yaws, Carl L. 2014. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
  4. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  5. Marrero, J., and R. Gani. 2001. "Group-Contribution Based Estimation of Pure Component Properties." Fluid Phase Equilibria 183–184: 183–208. ↗
  6. Joback, K. G., and R. C. Reid. 1987. "Estimation of Pure-Component Properties from Group-Contributions." Chemical Engineering Communications 57 (1–6): 233–243. ↗
  7. Sangster, J. 1997. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-97397-3.
  8. Mannhold, Raimund, and Han van de Waterbeemd. 2001. "Substructure and Whole Molecule Approaches for Calculating Log P." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 15 (4): 337–354. ↗
  9. Perrin, Ditlev D., Boyd Dempsey, and E. P. Serjeant. 1981. pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-21090-5.
  10. Constantinou, Leonidas, and Rafiqul Gani. 1994. "New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds." AIChE Journal 40 (10): 1697–1710. ↗
  11. Ertl, Peter, Bernhard Rohde, and Paul Selzer. 2000. "Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (20): 3714–3717. ↗
🔄 Concentration unit converter LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1
/* translators: %s, %d itd. to wartosci dynamiczne wstawiane do komunikatu. */

Enter the potassium iodide concentration in any unit — the rest will be calculated automatically.

MW: 166.0028 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Conversion formulas + citations (per formula)
ConversionFormulaAccuracySource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliography (8 authoritative sources)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🧪 Solution Preparation Wizard WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Select concentration
② Target volume
③ Solvent

Calculations per: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🛡️ Safety — CAS 7681-11-0MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Data limitations notice. The safety information on this page is for reference only and does not replace a full safety data sheet (SDS). Before using the product, consult the manufacturer's current safety data sheet and the GHS/CLP guidance. The CLP classification applies to the pure bulk substance, not to commercial formulations.
MolGod_GHS_SF1

GHS/CLP classification — Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Danger
GHS07 — Irritant / harmful
GHS07 Irritant / harmful
GHS08 — Health hazard
GHS08 Health hazard
GHS09 — Environmental hazard
GHS09 Environmental hazard

🚨 Hazard statements (H)

  • H320
  • H360 — May damage fertility or the unborn child
  • H362 — May cause harm to breast-fed children
  • H370 — Causes damage to organs
  • H372 — Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
  • H361 — Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child

🛡 Precautionary statements (P)

  • P233 — Keep container tightly closed
  • P203 — Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use

⚠ Classification based on a consensus of sources (PubChem / supplier notifications) — not verified against the harmonised classification in Annex VI (CLP). The scope of hazards may be broader than the official classification; verify against the supplier's current safety data sheet before use.

Translations: CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008, Annexes III and IV. Data: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Consolidated scientific references — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

References collected from all Safety Hub tabs. CAS: 7681-11-0 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulations
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2023)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Tabs with their own references (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contain additional bibliographic entries within their respective sections.

📈 Analytical statistics (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2
MolGod_STATS_1

Paste a series of replicate measurements (CSV, or one number per line). The calculator computes the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI, and detects outliers (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separator: comma, space, tab, new line. Minimum 3 measurements.
📐 Statistical formulas
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetic mean
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — sample variance
  • s = √s² — standard deviation
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative standard deviation
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs' test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Source: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Buffer Recipe Calculator UNIQUE
MolGod_BUFFER_1
References: pKa values from Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Choose a buffer from the list of 20 popular systems → enter the target pH → get an exact recipe with the masses to weigh out.

Step 1: Choose a buffer system

📜 Recipe history (last 10)
📅 Project Planner — Lab Experiment Manager NEW
MolGod_PLANNER_1

Plan your entire laboratory project: add experiments with reagents, replicates, and duration. You'll get a Gantt chart, a shopping list (with links to the store!), a budget with a 10% margin, and a GHS risk matrix.

🧪 Solubility and solvent compatibility MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molecule
potassium iodide
Formula
KI
logP
—
Mass (g/mol)
166.0028
Polarity
Moderate

⚠️ Ionic / inorganic compound — Hansen parameters (δD/δP/δH) do not apply: dissolution is governed by crystal-lattice energy and ion solvation, not molecular cohesion. The HSP block and Hansen sphere are omitted. HSP-dependent columns (Compat./Ra/Visual) are marked "n/a" — base solvent selection on experimental data.

Solvent Compat. Ra Visual GC-MS HPLC Applications References
Water (H₂O)n/d—not applicable✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell-cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrofilne)
Ethanol (EtOH)n/d—not applicable✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)n/d—not applicable✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm
Acetonen/d—not applicable✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallizationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)n/d—not applicable✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSOn/d—not applicable✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THFn/d—not applicable✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallic
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)n/d—not applicable✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallization (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)n/d—not applicable✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexanen/d—not applicable✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluenen/d—not applicable✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisDean-Stark azeotropic drying
📚 Scientific references for solvents (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand

11 solvents × 5 independent scientific sources (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS). 55+ full citations below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Solubility theory (applied in compatibility prediction):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + wzór Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Complete tabular set of 250+ solvents (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 7681-11-0 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Full bibliography in the REFERENCES accordion (at the bottom of the page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

📚 Technical FAQ — potassium iodide (5) MolGod_TECHFAQ_1
❓ Jak przygotować roztwór standardowy jodku potasu (KI) o stężeniu 0,1 mol/L?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q0
Aby przygotować roztwór standardowy jodku potasu (KI) o stężeniu 0,1 mol/L, należy odważyć masę KI obliczoną według wzoru: masa [g] = stężenie [mol/L] × objętość [L] × masa molowa [g/mol]. Dla 0,1 mol/L i 1 L roztworu: masa KI = 0,1 mol/L × 1 L × 166,0028 g/mol = 16,60028 g. Następnie rozpuścić 16,60028 g KI w wodzie destylowanej i uzupełnić do objętości 1 L.
Helpful?
❓ Jak przechowywać jodek potasu (KI) aby zachować jego stabilność?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q1
Jodek potasu (KI) należy przechowywać w temperaturze pokojowej (15-25°C), chronić przed światłem słonecznym i wilgocią. Zaleca się przechowywanie w szczelnie zamkniętym pojemniku z ciemnego szkła lub tworzywa sztucznego, aby zapobiec degradacji substancji.
Helpful?
❓ Jaka metoda analityczna jest odpowiednia do analizy jodku potasu (KI) i dlaczego?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q2
Do analizy jodku potasu (KI) można zastosować chromatografię cieczową wysokosprawną (HPLC), ponieważ KI jest substancją polarną o stosunkowo niskiej masie molowej (166 g/mol). HPLC pozwala na dokładne określenie czystości i składu roztworów jodku potasu. Alternatywnie, w przypadku analizy stężenia jonów jodkowych, można użyć spektrofotometrii UV-Vis.
Helpful?
❓ Jakie są główne reaktywności i niezgodności chemiczne jodku potasu (KI)?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q3
Jodek potasu (KI) jest stabilny w roztworach wodnych, ale może reagować z silnymi utleniaczami, reduktorami i kwasami nieorganicznymi. Nie należy go mieszać z chlorkiem sodu (NaCl), ponieważ może to prowadzić do powstania niepożądanych osadów. KI jest również wrażliwy na światło, co może powodować jego rozkład.
Helpful?
❓ W jakich praktycznych zastosowaniach laboratoryjnych wykorzystuje się jodek potasu (KI)?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q4
Jodek potasu (KI) jest szeroko stosowany w laboratoriach do przygotowywania roztworów jodowych, jako źródło jonów jodkowych w analizie chemicznej oraz w syntezach organicznych. Jest również używany w medycynie (np. w płynach do płukania gardła) i w fotografii jako składnik emulsji światłoczułych.
Helpful?
🧮 Laboratory calculators (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarity (M=n/V)
pH Buffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Mass → Moles
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperature C↔F↔K

Verified formulas: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spectroscopic Databases MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Laboratory protocol generator MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protocol generated based on: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Label generator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Jodek Potasu• potassium iodide• CAS: 7681-11-0• Formula: KI• Mass: 166.00 g/molDANGERGHS HAZARD STATEMENTS:H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaledH372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposureH373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposureP233: Keep container tightly closedSOLUTIONSul. Juliana Przybosia 8, 21-400 Łuków+48 794 171 794[email protected]www.marmakchemicals.euFOR LABORATORY USE ONLY!Batch No.: Netto Mass: MFG: Init: • IUPAC: potassium iodide
🧪 Solution preparation assistant (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Enter what you want to prepare — I'll generate an SOP

Examples below — click to insert:
Preset recipes:
📚 Scientific literature overview — CAS 7681-11-0MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
MolGod_RHIGHL_LT1
⭐ Key findings (scientific literature) 20 publications
🏆 CAS 7681-11-0 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citations · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    et al. (2026) · Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications
    Why it matters: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    et al. (2025) · Insects
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    Nishant Goel; Bhavana R. Doshi (2025) · Indian Journal of Dermatology
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    et al. (2024) · Nanomaterials
    Why it matters: Recent (2024) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    L. R. Andrade, M. M. Costa, J. A. Paixäo et al. (1999) · Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures
    Why it matters: Open access
    SCORE 6.39 Mechanism Citations: 6 Open Access DOI ↗
  6. #6
    Knuutila, Hanna K, Buvik, Vanja, Thorstad, Silje et al. (2021)
    Why it matters: Open access
    SCORE 6.35 Industrial Open Access
  7. #7
    G. L. La Rosa, L. Lupo, D. Giuffrida et al. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine
    Why it matters: 122 citations
    SCORE 6.27 Pharmacology Citations: 122 Influential: 2 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    da Silva Lopes JP, Barbosa J, Dinis-Oliveira RJ (2024) · Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology
    Why it matters: Recent (2024) · review · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Review Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    et al. (2026) · JCEM Case Reports
    Why it matters: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2026) · Endocrine Journal
    Why it matters: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    Alireza Mohammadzadeh Shabestari (2025) · Galen Medical Journal
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  12. #12
    (2025)
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  13. #13
    Maryam Hajiahmadi; Samira SadighBatha; Mohammad Javad Tarrahi (2025) · Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    et al. (2025)
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗
  15. #15
    et al. (2025)
    Why it matters: Recent (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanism Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  16. #16
    Shpanev Alexander, Smuk Vasily (2026) · BIO Web of Conferences
    Why it matters: Recent (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗
  17. #17
    Prapatsara Sirikarn, Pattranun Saithong, Surachai Phimha et al. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology
    Why it matters: Recent (2024) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗
  18. #18
    et al. (2023) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
    Why it matters: Recent (2023) · open access
    SCORE 6.15 Pharmacology Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  19. #19
    M. Norwood, C. V. Briscoe (1958) · Physical Review
    Why it matters: 108 citations · historical paper (1958)
    SCORE 6.11 Historical Citations: 108 Influential: 1 DOI ↗
  20. #20
    Philip D. Kerrison, H. Le, A. Hughes (2016) · Journal of Applied Phycology
    Why it matters: Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
    SCORE 5.41 Pharmacology Citations: 15 Influential: 4 DOI ↗

Description





Jodek Potasu

Charakterystyka

  • Postać chemiczna: Jodek potasu to nieorganiczny związek chemiczny, w którym anionem jest jodan, a kationem potas. Oznaczenie chemiczne: KI.
  • Wzór sumaryczny: KI
  • Masa molowa: 348,76 g/mol
  • Gęstość (%): 1.89 g/cm³
    Temperatura topnienia (°C): 520-540 °C
    Temperatura wrzenia (°C): 1300°C
  • Rozpuszczalność w wodzie: dobrze rozpuszczalny w wodzie
  • Barwa: Biały lub bezbarwny proszek
  • Stan skupienia: Stały

Zastosowanie

  • Przemysłowe zastosowania: Jodek potasu jest stosowany w przemyśle chemicznym, metalurgicznym i papierniczym. Służy m.in. do produkcji jodoforów (środków biobójczych) oraz jako odczynnik laboratoryjny.
  • Medyczne zastosowania: Jodek potasu jest stosowany w medycynie, np. do leczenia chorób tarczycy, jako środek kontrastowy podczas badań radiologicznych oraz w przypadku katastrof jądrowych

Bezpieczeństwo

Ogólne wskazówki BHP: Jodek potasu jest substancją chemiczną, która może być szkodliwa w przypadku połknięcia, wdychania lub kontaktu ze skórą. Należy stosować środki ostrożności, takie jak noszenie odzieży ochronnej i rękawic, oraz przestrzegać procedur bezpieczeństwa podczas pracy z tą substancją. W przypadku kontaktu ze skórą lub oczami, należy natychmiast przemyć je dużą ilością wody.

Przechowywanie

Warunki magazynowania: Jodek potasu powinien być przechowywany w suchym, dobrze wentyl

Additional information

Gramatura

1 g — zł34.80

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📐 HPLC peak symmetry calculator (USP Tf / As) FEATURE J

Calculate the USP tailing factor (Tf) and asymmetry (As) from the peak half-widths. Enter a (left half-width) and b (right half-width) measured at 5% or 10% of peak height.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
📊 Resolution and plate count calculator (Rs, N, H) FEATURE K

Calculate the resolution Rs, the number of theoretical plates N and HETP (H) for a pair of HPLC peaks. Enter the retention times, peak widths (at 50% or at the base) and the column length.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]

Related products

🧪 System Suitability — live calculator (USP <621>) FEATURE L

Enter data from 5–6 injections (areas, tR, tailing, plates) — the calculator computes %RSD and means and checks compliance with USP <621>. You can paste CSV (comma-separated) or edit individual values.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial."
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC."
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations."
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography."
☣️ Toxicity (LD50 / LC50) GHS Cat 4 — NiskaMolGod_LD50_1
LD50
1862 mg/kg
Gatunek / droga
Rat / doustnie
Klasyfikacja
Slightly toxic
Skala GHS (Acute Toxicity, oral, mg/kg bw):
Cat 1 (≤5)
Cat 2 (5–50)
Cat 3 (50–300)
Cat 4 (300–2000)
Cat 5 (2000–5000)

Źródło: RTECS TT2975000; Lewis (Sax) 2012 (2012). CAS 7681-11-0.

Dane LD50/LC50 są wyłącznie poglądowe; nie zastępują karty charakterystyki (SDS) ani oceny eksperta toksykologicznego. Klasyfikacja GHS dla drogi doustnej (mg/kg bw) wg UN GHS, 10. rev. 2023, Annex 1 §3.1.1.

Bibliografia (Chicago)
  • Hodge, Harold C., and James H. Sterner. 1949. "Tabulation of toxicity classes." American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly 10 (4): 93-96.
  • U.S. EPA. 2024. "ChemView." https://chemview.epa.gov/.
  • United Nations. 2023. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)." 10th rev. ed. New York: UN.
  • Lipnick, Robert L., et al. 1995. "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures." Food and Chemical Toxicology 33 (3): 223-231.
  • ATSDR. 2024. "Toxicological Profiles." Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/.
  • Hayes, Wallace, and Claire L. Kruger, eds. 2014. "Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology." 6th ed. CRC Press.
  • Lewis, Richard J. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." 12th ed. Wiley.
  • IARC. 2024. "Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans." International Agency for Research on Cancer (per kryteria klasyfikacji rakotwórczości IARC Group 1/2A/2B).
  • Pohanish, Richard P. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." 7th ed. Elsevier.
  • Bingham, Eula, Barbara Cohrssen, and Charles H. Powell, eds. 2012. "Patty's Toxicology." 6th ed. Wiley.
  • WHO. 2023. "Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard." World Health Organization (zgodne z UN GHS Annex 1 §3.1.1).
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📚 REFERENCES (Aggregate bibliography, Chicago Author-Date) 104 items
MolGod_REFS_1

All scientific sources cited in the accordions above for CAS 7681-11-0. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.

🗄️ Scientific databases

  1. PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 7681-11-0. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)
  2. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 7681-11-0. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=7681-11-0. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)
  3. AIST. 2026. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 7681-11-0. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)

📐 Standards / Guidelines

  1. ICH. 2026. "ICH Harmonised Guideline: CAS 7681-11-0." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
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  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
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📖 Books

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monographs

  1. IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 7681-11-0. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)

📄 Scientific articles (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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