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3D-Modell potassium iodide, CAS 7681-11-0, Summenformel KI, masa molowa 166.0028 g/mol
Chemische Übersicht: Potassium iodideMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
SummenformelKI
Molekulargewicht166.0028 g/mol
Schmelzpunkt681 °C
Siedepunkt1323 °C
Dichte3.12 g/cm³
IUPAC-Namepotassium iodide
SMILES[K+].[I-]
InChIKeyNLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Synonyme: potassium iodide · 7681-11-0 · Thyro-Block · Pima · Kali iodide

Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-07-09

📊 Physikalische & chemische Eigenschaften

Kurzübersicht

Formel: IK
MW: 166.00 g/mol
CAS: 7681-11-0
Aussehen: Colorless or white, cubical crystals, white granules, or powder

Detaillierte Eigenschaften

Eigenschaft Wert Einheit Bedingungen Quelle
Dichte (ρ) 3.1200 g/cm³ 20°C PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Schmelzpunkt (mp) 1258 °F (USCG, 1999) PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Siedepunkt (bp) Very high (USCG, 1999) PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Dampfdruck 1 [mm Hg] @745 °C PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Wasserlöslichkeit Slightly soluble in ethanol PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
🔬 Erweiterte Eigenschaften

Chemische Identifikatoren

SMILES: [K+].[I-]
InChI: InChI=1S/HI.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
InChIKey: NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Datenquellen: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)

Zuletzt aktualisiert: 2026-06-25

Regulatorischer Status der Substanz
Keine Einträge für diese CAS-Nummer in den geprüften Beschränkungslisten (SVHC-Kandidatenliste, REACH Anhang XVII; Datensätze unvollständig – dies ist keine Konformitätsbestätigung). CLP-Einstufung und Transportstatus (ADR): siehe Abschnitt GHS und Sicherheitsdatenblatt (SDS).
🧮 Stöchiometrie-RechnerMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Dane chemiczneMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numer CAS
7681-11-0
Wzór sumaryczny
KI
Masa molowa
166.0028 g/mol
Nazwy polskie
jodek potasu
Nazwa IUPAC (EN)
potassium iodide
SMILES
[K+].[I-]
InChIKey
NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M
🔍 Externe IdentifikatorenMolGod_EXTID_1
14 von 16 ID-Systemen88%
DatenbankIdentifikatorAktionen
CAS Registry Number7681-11-0Öffnen →
PubChem CID4875Öffnen →
InChIKeyNLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-MÖffnen →
InChIInChI=1S/HI.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
SMILES[K+].[I-]
EC Number231-659-4Öffnen →
DrugBankDB06715Öffnen →
KEGG CompoundD01016Öffnen →
HMDBHMDB0303550Öffnen →
ChemSpider4709Öffnen →
MeSH UID (NLM)D011193Öffnen →
UNII (FDA)1C4QK22F9JÖffnen →
NSC Number (NCI)77362Öffnen →
WikiData QIDQ121874Öffnen →

Quellen: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📡 Spektroskopie — CAS 7681-11-0MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
MolGod_SPECDB_SP2
📊 Spektroskopische Spektrendatenbanken — Inline-Daten 8 Quellen MolGod_SPECDB_2

Spektren werden bei Bedarf aus 9 Quellen abgerufen. Jedes Spektrum wird in unserer Datenbank gespeichert — beim nächsten Öffnen erfolgt keine Anfrage an die externe API. Laden Sie JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG zu jedem Spektrum herunter, ohne zu suchen.

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▶ Klicken, um das Spektrum zu laden
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📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Referenzquelle — keine öffentliche API. In einer externen Datenbank öffnen:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Referenzquelle — keine öffentliche API. In einer externen Datenbank öffnen:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Referenzquelle — keine öffentliche API. In einer externen Datenbank öffnen:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Referenzquelle — keine öffentliche API. In einer externen Datenbank öffnen:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

Daten werden über MolGod_Spectra_Remote_Fetcher (JCAMP-DX-Parser) abgerufen und in der Tabelle wp_molgod_spectra_cache gespeichert. Keine doppelten Downloads, keine erneuten Anfragen an NIST bei späteren Aufrufen. Lizenzen werden eingehalten (veröffentlicht wird nur ein Deep-Link plus eigene Visualisierung).

🔬 Interaktive Spektren (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Daten werden live aus mehreren Quellen abgerufen (Priority-Chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG stehen unter jedem Spektrum zum Download bereit.

IR — Fourier-Transform-Infrarot

IR — Fourier-Transform-Infrarot wird geladen…

MS — Massenspektrometrie (EI 70eV)

MS — Massenspektrometrie (EI 70eV) wird geladen…

📐 Physikalische & chemische Eigenschaften (DB) 9 Felder MolGod-Score: Zuverlässig
Eigenschaft Wert Einheit Bedingungen Quelle
Melting point 681.00 [5][6][11] °C 1 atm PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Boiling point 1323.00 [5][6][11] °C 760 mmHg PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Water solubility soluble (≥999) [5] g/L 25°C PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Density (ρ) 3.1200 [5] g/cm³ 20°C PubChem PUG-View (2026)
📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen (Chicago Author-Date) (12 Quellen)
  1. Haynes, William M., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-55554-4. ↗
  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Yaws, Carl L. 2014. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
  4. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  5. Marrero, J., and R. Gani. 2001. "Group-Contribution Based Estimation of Pure Component Properties." Fluid Phase Equilibria 183–184: 183–208. ↗
  6. Joback, K. G., and R. C. Reid. 1987. "Estimation of Pure-Component Properties from Group-Contributions." Chemical Engineering Communications 57 (1–6): 233–243. ↗
  7. Sangster, J. 1997. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-97397-3.
  8. Mannhold, Raimund, and Han van de Waterbeemd. 2001. "Substructure and Whole Molecule Approaches for Calculating Log P." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 15 (4): 337–354. ↗
  9. Perrin, Ditlev D., Boyd Dempsey, and E. P. Serjeant. 1981. pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-21090-5.
  10. Constantinou, Leonidas, and Rafiqul Gani. 1994. "New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds." AIChE Journal 40 (10): 1697–1710. ↗
  11. Ertl, Peter, Bernhard Rohde, and Paul Selzer. 2000. "Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (20): 3714–3717. ↗
🔄 Umrechner für Konzentrationseinheiten LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1
/* translators: %s, %d itd. to wartosci dynamiczne wstawiane do komunikatu. */

Geben Sie die Konzentration potassium iodide in einer beliebigen Einheit ein — der Rest wird automatisch berechnet.

MW: 166.0028 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Umrechnungsformeln + Zitate (pro Formel)
UmrechnungFormelGenauigkeitQuelle
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliographie (8 autoritative Quellen)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🧪 Assistent zur Lösungsvorbereitung WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Konzentration auswählen
② Zielvolumen
③ Lösungsmittel

Berechnungen nach: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🛡️ Sicherheit — CAS 7681-11-0MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Hinweis zu Datenbeschränkungen. Die Sicherheitsinformationen auf dieser Seite dienen nur zur Information und ersetzen kein vollständiges Sicherheitsdatenblatt (SDS). Konsultieren Sie vor der Verwendung des Produkts das aktuelle Sicherheitsdatenblatt des Herstellers sowie die GHS/CLP-Leitlinien. Die CLP-Einstufung bezieht sich auf die reine Bulk-Substanz, nicht auf handelsübliche Zubereitungen.
MolGod_GHS_SF1

GHS/CLP-Einstufung — Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Gefahr (Danger)
GHS07 — Reizend / gesundheitsschädlich
GHS07 Reizend / gesundheitsschädlich
GHS08 — Gesundheitsgefahr
GHS08 Gesundheitsgefahr
GHS09 — Umweltgefahr
GHS09 Umweltgefahr

🚨 Gefahrenhinweise (H)

  • H320
  • H360 — Kann die Fruchtbarkeit beeinträchtigen oder das Kind im Mutterleib schädigen.
  • H362 — Kann Säuglinge über die Muttermilch schädigen.
  • H370 — Schädigt die Organe.
  • H372 — Schädigt die Organe bei längerer oder wiederholter Exposition.
  • H361 — Kann vermutlich die Fruchtbarkeit beeinträchtigen oder das Kind im Mutterleib schädigen.

🛡 Sicherheitshinweise (P)

  • P233 — Behälter dicht verschlossen halten.
  • P203 — Vor Gebrauch alle Sicherheitshinweise einholen, lesen und befolgen.

⚠ Einstufung basierend auf einem Konsens der Quellen (PubChem / Meldungen der Lieferanten) — nicht gegen die harmonisierte Einstufung in Anhang VI (CLP) verifiziert. Der Gefahrenumfang kann breiter sein als die amtliche Einstufung; vor der Verwendung mit dem aktuellen Sicherheitsdatenblatt des Lieferanten verifizieren.

Übersetzungen: CLP-Verordnung (EG) 1272/2008, Anhang III und IV. Daten: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Konsolidierte wissenschaftliche Referenzen — Chicago Author-Date 10 Quellen

Referenzen aus allen Safety-Hub-Registerkarten gesammelt. CAS: 7681-11-0 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Vorschriften
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2023)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Registerkarten mit eigenen Referenzen (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) enthalten zusätzliche bibliografische Einträge in ihren jeweiligen Abschnitten.

📈 Analytische Statistik (t-Test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2
MolGod_STATS_1

Fügen Sie eine Serie von Messwiederholungen ein (CSV oder eine Zahl pro Zeile). Der Rechner berechnet Mittelwert, Standardabweichung und 95% CI und erkennt Ausreißer (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Trennzeichen: Komma, Leerzeichen, Tab, Zeilenumbruch. Min. 3 Messungen.
📐 Statistische Formeln
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetisches Mittel
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — Stichprobenvarianz
  • s = √s² — Standardabweichung
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative Standardabweichung
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs-Test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Quelle: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Puffer-Rezept-Rechner EINZIGARTIG
MolGod_BUFFER_1
Literatur: pKa-Werte aus Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Wählen Sie einen Puffer aus der Liste von 20 gängigen Systemen → geben Sie den Ziel-pH-Wert ein → Sie erhalten ein exaktes Rezept mit den einzuwiegenden Massen.

Schritt 1: Puffersystem wählen

📜 Rezeptverlauf (letzte 10)
📅 Project Planner — Manager für Laborexperimente NEU
MolGod_PLANNER_1

Planen Sie Ihr gesamtes Laborprojekt: Fügen Sie Experimente mit Reagenzien, Wiederholungen und Dauer hinzu. Sie erhalten ein Gantt-Diagramm, eine Einkaufsliste (mit Links zum Shop!), ein Budget mit 10% Reserve und eine GHS-Risikomatrix.

🧪 Löslichkeit und Lösungsmittelkompatibilität MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molekül
potassium iodide
Formel
KI
logP
—
Masse (g/mol)
166.0028
Polarität
Mäßig

⚠️ Ionische / anorganische Verbindung — die Hansen-Parameter (δD/δP/δH) sind nicht anwendbar: Das Auflösen wird durch die Kristallgitterenergie und die Ionensolvatation gesteuert, nicht durch molekulare Kohäsion. Der HSP-Block und die Hansen-Kugel entfallen. HSP-abhängige Spalten (Kompat./Ra/Visuell) sind mit „n/v“ gekennzeichnet — stützen Sie die Lösungsmittelauswahl auf experimentelle Daten.

Lösungsmittel Compat. Ra Visuell GC-MS HPLC Anwendungen Referenzen
Water (H₂O)n/d—nicht zutreffend✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell-cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrofilne)
Ethanol (EtOH)n/d—nicht zutreffend✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)n/d—nicht zutreffend✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm
Acetonen/d—nicht zutreffend✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallizationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)n/d—nicht zutreffend✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSOn/d—nicht zutreffend✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THFn/d—nicht zutreffend✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallic
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)n/d—nicht zutreffend✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallization (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)n/d—nicht zutreffend✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexanen/d—nicht zutreffend✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluenen/d—nicht zutreffend✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisDean-Stark azeotropic drying
📚 Wissenschaftliche Referenzen für Lösungsmittel (Chicago Author-Date) — zum Aufklappen klicken

11 Lösungsmittel × 5 unabhängige wissenschaftliche Quellen (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS). 55+ vollständige Zitate unten.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Löslichkeitstheorie (angewendet in der Verträglichkeitsvorhersage):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + wzór Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Vollständige tabellarische Sammlung von 250+ Lösungsmitteln (ε, μ, Donizität, Akzeptorzahlen).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 7681-11-0 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Vollständige Bibliografie im Akkordeon REFERENZEN (am Ende der Seite) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

📚 Technische FAQ — potassium iodide (5) MolGod_TECHFAQ_1
❓ Jak przygotować roztwór standardowy jodku potasu (KI) o stężeniu 0,1 mol/L?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q0
Aby przygotować roztwór standardowy jodku potasu (KI) o stężeniu 0,1 mol/L, należy odważyć masę KI obliczoną według wzoru: masa [g] = stężenie [mol/L] × objętość [L] × masa molowa [g/mol]. Dla 0,1 mol/L i 1 L roztworu: masa KI = 0,1 mol/L × 1 L × 166,0028 g/mol = 16,60028 g. Następnie rozpuścić 16,60028 g KI w wodzie destylowanej i uzupełnić do objętości 1 L.
Hilfreich?
❓ Jak przechowywać jodek potasu (KI) aby zachować jego stabilność?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q1
Jodek potasu (KI) należy przechowywać w temperaturze pokojowej (15-25°C), chronić przed światłem słonecznym i wilgocią. Zaleca się przechowywanie w szczelnie zamkniętym pojemniku z ciemnego szkła lub tworzywa sztucznego, aby zapobiec degradacji substancji.
Hilfreich?
❓ Jaka metoda analityczna jest odpowiednia do analizy jodku potasu (KI) i dlaczego?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q2
Do analizy jodku potasu (KI) można zastosować chromatografię cieczową wysokosprawną (HPLC), ponieważ KI jest substancją polarną o stosunkowo niskiej masie molowej (166 g/mol). HPLC pozwala na dokładne określenie czystości i składu roztworów jodku potasu. Alternatywnie, w przypadku analizy stężenia jonów jodkowych, można użyć spektrofotometrii UV-Vis.
Hilfreich?
❓ Jakie są główne reaktywności i niezgodności chemiczne jodku potasu (KI)?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q3
Jodek potasu (KI) jest stabilny w roztworach wodnych, ale może reagować z silnymi utleniaczami, reduktorami i kwasami nieorganicznymi. Nie należy go mieszać z chlorkiem sodu (NaCl), ponieważ może to prowadzić do powstania niepożądanych osadów. KI jest również wrażliwy na światło, co może powodować jego rozkład.
Hilfreich?
❓ W jakich praktycznych zastosowaniach laboratoryjnych wykorzystuje się jodek potasu (KI)?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q4
Jodek potasu (KI) jest szeroko stosowany w laboratoriach do przygotowywania roztworów jodowych, jako źródło jonów jodkowych w analizie chemicznej oraz w syntezach organicznych. Jest również używany w medycynie (np. w płynach do płukania gardła) i w fotografii jako składnik emulsji światłoczułych.
Hilfreich?
🧮 Laborrechner (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Verdünnung (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarität (M=n/V)
pH-Puffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masse → Mol
Konzentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatur C↔F↔K

Verifizierte Formeln: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spektroskopische Spektrendatenbanken MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Laborprotokoll-Generator MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protokoll erstellt auf Grundlage von: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Etiketten-Generator (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Jodek Potasu• potassium iodide• CAS: 7681-11-0• Formula: KI• Mass: 166.00 g/molGEFAHRGHS-GEFAHRENHINWEISE:H334: Kann bei Einatmen Allergie, asthmaartige Symptome oder Atembeschwerden verursachen.H372: Schädigt die Organe bei längerer oder wiederholter Exposition.H373: Kann die Organe schädigen bei längerer oder wiederholter Exposition.P233: Behälter dicht verschlossen halten.SOLUTIONSul. Juliana Przybosia 8, 21-400 Łuków+48 794 171 794[email protected]www.marmakchemicals.euWYŁĄCZNIE DO CELÓW LABORATORYJNYCH!Batch No.: Netto Mass: MFG: Init: • IUPAC: potassium iodide
ADMET — Pharmakologisches Profil
MolGod_ADMET_1
ADMET-Vorhersagen werden geladen…
🧪 Assistent zur Lösungsherstellung (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Geben Sie ein, was Sie zubereiten möchten — ich erstelle eine SOP

Beispiele unten — zum Einfügen anklicken:
Fertige Rezepte:
📚 Überblick über die wissenschaftliche Literatur — CAS 7681-11-0MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
MolGod_RHIGHL_LT1
⭐ Wichtigste Erkenntnisse (wissenschaftliche Literatur) 20 Publikationen
🏆 CAS 7681-11-0 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% Zitierungen · 20% Aktualität · 20% Thema · 15% historisch · 15% Open Access.
  1. #1
    et al. (2026) · Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    et al. (2025) · Insects
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    Nishant Goel; Bhavana R. Doshi (2025) · Indian Journal of Dermatology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  4. #4
    et al. (2024) · Nanomaterials
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2024) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    L. R. Andrade, M. M. Costa, J. A. Paixäo et al. (1999) · Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures
    Warum es wichtig ist: Open access
    SCORE 6.39 Mechanismus Zitierungen: 6 Open Access DOI ↗
  6. #6
    Knuutila, Hanna K, Buvik, Vanja, Thorstad, Silje et al. (2021)
    Warum es wichtig ist: Open access
    SCORE 6.35 Industrie Open Access
  7. #7
    G. L. La Rosa, L. Lupo, D. Giuffrida et al. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine
    Warum es wichtig ist: 122 Zitierungen
    SCORE 6.27 Pharmakologie Zitierungen: 122 Influential: 2 DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  8. #8
    da Silva Lopes JP, Barbosa J, Dinis-Oliveira RJ (2024) · Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2024) · Übersichtsarbeit · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Übersicht Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    et al. (2026) · JCEM Case Reports
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    et al. (2026) · Endocrine Journal
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    Alireza Mohammadzadeh Shabestari (2025) · Galen Medical Journal
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  12. #12
    (2025)
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  13. #13
    Maryam Hajiahmadi; Samira SadighBatha; Mohammad Javad Tarrahi (2025) · Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  14. #14
    et al. (2025)
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗
  15. #15
    et al. (2025)
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Mechanismus Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  16. #16
    Shpanev Alexander, Smuk Vasily (2026) · BIO Web of Conferences
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2026) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗
  17. #17
    Prapatsara Sirikarn, Pattranun Saithong, Surachai Phimha et al. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2024) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗
  18. #18
    et al. (2023) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
    Warum es wichtig ist: Aktuell (2023) · open access
    SCORE 6.15 Pharmakologie Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  19. #19
    M. Norwood, C. V. Briscoe (1958) · Physical Review
    Warum es wichtig ist: 108 Zitierungen · historische Arbeit (1958)
    SCORE 6.11 Historisch Zitierungen: 108 Influential: 1 DOI ↗
  20. #20
    Philip D. Kerrison, H. Le, A. Hughes (2016) · Journal of Applied Phycology
    Warum es wichtig ist: Ausgewählt nach einem Multikriterien-Score (Zitierungen + Aktualität + Thema + historisch + OA).
    SCORE 5.41 Pharmakologie Zitierungen: 15 Influential: 4 DOI ↗

Description





Jodek Potasu

Charakterystyka

  • Postać chemiczna: Jodek potasu to nieorganiczny związek chemiczny, w którym anionem jest jodan, a kationem potas. Oznaczenie chemiczne: KI.
  • Wzór sumaryczny: KI
  • Masa molowa: 348,76 g/mol
  • Gęstość (%): 1.89 g/cm³
    Temperatura topnienia (°C): 520-540 °C
    Temperatura wrzenia (°C): 1300°C
  • Rozpuszczalność w wodzie: dobrze rozpuszczalny w wodzie
  • Barwa: Biały lub bezbarwny proszek
  • Stan skupienia: Stały

Zastosowanie

  • Przemysłowe zastosowania: Jodek potasu jest stosowany w przemyśle chemicznym, metalurgicznym i papierniczym. Służy m.in. do produkcji jodoforów (środków biobójczych) oraz jako odczynnik laboratoryjny.
  • Medyczne zastosowania: Jodek potasu jest stosowany w medycynie, np. do leczenia chorób tarczycy, jako środek kontrastowy podczas badań radiologicznych oraz w przypadku katastrof jądrowych

Bezpieczeństwo

Ogólne wskazówki BHP: Jodek potasu jest substancją chemiczną, która może być szkodliwa w przypadku połknięcia, wdychania lub kontaktu ze skórą. Należy stosować środki ostrożności, takie jak noszenie odzieży ochronnej i rękawic, oraz przestrzegać procedur bezpieczeństwa podczas pracy z tą substancją. W przypadku kontaktu ze skórą lub oczami, należy natychmiast przemyć je dużą ilością wody.

Przechowywanie

Warunki magazynowania: Jodek potasu powinien być przechowywany w suchym, dobrze wentyl

Additional information

Gramatura

1 g — zł34.80

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📐 HPLC-Peaksymmetrie-Rechner (USP Tf / As) FEATURE J

Berechnen Sie den USP-Tailing-Faktor (T) und die Asymmetrie (As) aus den Peak-Halbwertsbreiten. Geben Sie a (linke Halbbreite) und b (rechte Halbbreite) an, gemessen bei 5% oder 10% der Peakhöhe.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
📊 Rechner für Auflösung und Bodenzahl (Rs, N, H) FEATURE K

Berechnen Sie die Auflösung Rs, die theoretische Bodenzahl N und HETP (H) für ein Paar von HPLC-Peaks. Geben Sie die Retentionszeiten, Peakbreiten (bei 50% oder an der Basis) und die Säulenlänge an.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]

Related products

🧪 Systemeignung — Live-Rechner (USP <621>) FEATURE L

Geben Sie Daten aus 5-6 Injektionen ein (Flächen, tR, Tailing, Böden) — der Rechner berechnet %RSD, Mittelwerte und prüft die Konformität mit USP <621>. Sie können CSV (kommagetrennt) einfügen oder einzelne Werte bearbeiten.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial."
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC."
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations."
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography."
☣️ Toxizität (LD50 / LC50) GHS Cat 4 — NiskaMolGod_LD50_1
LD50
1862 mg/kg
Gatunek / droga
Rat / doustnie
Klasyfikacja
Slightly toxic
Skala GHS (Acute Toxicity, oral, mg/kg bw):
Cat 1 (≤5)
Cat 2 (5–50)
Cat 3 (50–300)
Cat 4 (300–2000)
Cat 5 (2000–5000)

Źródło: RTECS TT2975000; Lewis (Sax) 2012 (2012). CAS 7681-11-0.

Dane LD50/LC50 są wyłącznie poglądowe; nie zastępują karty charakterystyki (SDS) ani oceny eksperta toksykologicznego. Klasyfikacja GHS dla drogi doustnej (mg/kg bw) wg UN GHS, 10. rev. 2023, Annex 1 §3.1.1.

Bibliografia (Chicago)
  • Hodge, Harold C., and James H. Sterner. 1949. "Tabulation of toxicity classes." American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly 10 (4): 93-96.
  • U.S. EPA. 2024. "ChemView." https://chemview.epa.gov/.
  • United Nations. 2023. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)." 10th rev. ed. New York: UN.
  • Lipnick, Robert L., et al. 1995. "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures." Food and Chemical Toxicology 33 (3): 223-231.
  • ATSDR. 2024. "Toxicological Profiles." Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/.
  • Hayes, Wallace, and Claire L. Kruger, eds. 2014. "Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology." 6th ed. CRC Press.
  • Lewis, Richard J. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." 12th ed. Wiley.
  • IARC. 2024. "Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans." International Agency for Research on Cancer (per kryteria klasyfikacji rakotwórczości IARC Group 1/2A/2B).
  • Pohanish, Richard P. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." 7th ed. Elsevier.
  • Bingham, Eula, Barbara Cohrssen, and Charles H. Powell, eds. 2012. "Patty's Toxicology." 6th ed. Wiley.
  • WHO. 2023. "Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard." World Health Organization (zgodne z UN GHS Annex 1 §3.1.1).
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📚 REFERENZEN (Gesammelte Bibliografie, Chicago Author-Date) 104 Einträge
MolGod_REFS_1

Alle wissenschaftlichen Quellen, die in den Akkordeons oben für CAS 7681-11-0 zitiert werden. Format: Chicago Manual of Style, 17. Aufl., Autor-Datum-System.

🗄️ Wissenschaftliche Datenbanken

  1. PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 7681-11-0. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)
  2. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 7681-11-0. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=7681-11-0. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)
  3. AIST. 2026. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 7681-11-0. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)

📐 Standards / Richtlinien

  1. ICH. 2026. "ICH Harmonised Guideline: CAS 7681-11-0." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Bücher

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monografien

  1. IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 7681-11-0. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)

📄 Wissenschaftliche Artikel (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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