Methylene Blue, CAS 61-73-4 — etykieta produktu chemicznego
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Methylene Blue

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🧬 Wizualizator molekuły 3D
Ładowanie molekuły...
Model 3D methylene blue, CAS 61-73-4, wzór sumaryczny C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S, masa molowa 319.9 g/mol
Przegląd chemiczny: Methylene blueMolGod_OVERVIEW_1
Wzór sumarycznyC₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S
Masa cząsteczkowa319.9 g/mol
Temperatura topnienia105 °C
Nazwa IUPAC[7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene]-dimethylazanium chloride
SMILESCN(C)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)N=C3C=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C3S2.[Cl-]
InChIKeyCXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Synonimy: methylene blue · 61-73-4 · Basic blue 9 · Methylthioninium chloride · Solvent blue 8

Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-07-09

📊 Physical & Chemical Properties

Quick Reference

Formula: C16H18ClN3S
MW: 319.90 g/mol
CAS: 61-73-4
Appearance: Dark green crystals or powder from chloroform-ethyl ether

Detailed Properties

Property Value Unit Conditions Source
Temperatura topnienia (mp) 100 to 110 °C (with decomposition) PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Prężność par 0.00000013 [mmHg] PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
Rozpuszczalność w wodzie In water, 43,600 mg/L at 25 °C. PubChem (NIH/NLM) ↗
🔬 Advanced Properties

Chemical Identifiers

SMILES: CN(C)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)N=C3C=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C3S2.[Cl-]
InChI: InChI=1S/C16H18N3S.ClH/c1-18(2)11-5-7-13-15(9-11)20-16-10-12(19(3)4)6-8-14(16)17-13;/h5-10H,1-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
InChIKey: CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Data sources: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)

Last updated: 2026-06-25

Status regulacyjny substancji
Brak wpisow dla tego CAS w sprawdzonych wykazach ograniczen (lista kandydacka SVHC, REACH Zalacznik XVII; zbiory niepelne - nie jest to potwierdzenie zgodnosci). Klasyfikacja CLP i status transportowy (ADR): patrz sekcja GHS oraz karta charakterystyki (SDS).
🧮 Kalkulator stechiometrycznyMolGod_STOICH_1
🧪 Dane chemiczneMolGod_CHEMDATA_1
Numer CAS
61-73-4
Wzór sumaryczny
C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S
Masa molowa
319.9 g/mol
Nazwa IUPAC (EN)
[7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene]-dimethylazanium chloride
SMILES
CN(C)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)N=C3C=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C3S2.[Cl-]
InChIKey
CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M
🔍 Identyfikatory zewnętrzneMolGod_EXTID_1
13 z 16 systemów ID81%
BazaIdentyfikatorAkcje
CAS Registry Number61-73-4Otwórz →
PubChem CID6099Otwórz →
InChIKeyCXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-MOtwórz →
InChIInChI=1S/C16H18N3S.ClH/c1-18(2)11-5-7-13-15(9-11…
SMILESCN(C)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)N=C3C=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C3S2.[Cl…
EC Number200-515-2Otwórz →
DrugBankDB09241Otwórz →
KEGG CompoundC00220Otwórz →
ChemSpider5874Otwórz →
MeSH UID (NLM)D008751Otwórz →
UNII (FDA)8NAP7826UBOtwórz →
NSC Number (NCI)3089Otwórz →
WikiData QIDQ422134Otwórz →

Źródła: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📡 Spektroskopia — CAS 61-73-4MolGod_SPECHUB_MAIN
MolGod_SPECREF_SP1
📊 Widma (NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis) (1)

Dostępne typy widm: IR

Widmo IR (KBr, 4000-400 cm⁻¹)

0 punktów danych · Źródło: NIST WebBook · NIST ↗ · 📥 JCAMP-DX
🎓 Przewodnik interpretacji widm (dla studentów)
Jak czytać widmo IR
  • 3200-3600 cm⁻¹ — rozciąganie O-H (szeroki pik = wiązanie wodorowe)
  • 2850-3000 cm⁻¹ — rozciąganie C-H (sp³)
  • 1650-1750 cm⁻¹ — rozciąganie C=O (ketony, aldehydy, estry)
  • 1400-1600 cm⁻¹ — drgania pierścienia aromatycznego
  • 1000-1300 cm⁻¹ — rozciąganie C-O (etery, alkohole)
  • Brak absorpcji = brak grupy funkcyjnej → porównaj z referencją

Źródła: LibreTexts ↗, Silverstein (Spectrometric ID) ↗

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (9 źródeł)

📚 Bibliografia książkowa oczekuje na wygenerowanie. Kuratowane podręczniki ogólne są dostępne poniżej; specyficzne dla CAS książki Google Books można pobrać z panelu administratora.

  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  2. Spectral Database for Organic Structure Determination (SDBS). 2024. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Ulrich, Eldon L., Hideo Akutsu, John F. Doreleijers, Yoko Harano, Yannis E. Ioannidis, Jundong Lin, Miron Livny, et al. 2008. "BioMagResBank." Nucleic Acids Research 36 (D1): D402–D408. [DOI ↗]
  4. Horai, Hisayuki, Masanori Arita, Shigehiko Kanaya, Yoshito Nihei, Tasuku Ikeda, Kazuhiro Suwa, Yuya Ojima, et al. 2010. "MassBank: A Public Repository for Sharing Mass Spectral Data for Life Sciences." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 45 (7): 703–714. [DOI ↗]
  5. Linstrom, P.J., and W.G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗
  6. McDonald, M. Shane, Mike McAvoy, and Ajit Bhalerao. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. [DOI ↗]
  7. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
📐 Physical & Chemical Properties (DB) 5 fields MolGod Score: Wiarygodne
Property Value Unit Conditions Source
Melting point 105.00 [5][6][11] °C decomp. PubChem PUG-View (2026)
Boiling point rozkłada się [5][6][11] — przed wrzeniem (decomp.) PubChem PUG-View (2026)
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (12 źródeł)
  1. Haynes, William M., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-55554-4. ↗
  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Yaws, Carl L. 2014. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
  4. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  5. Marrero, J., and R. Gani. 2001. "Group-Contribution Based Estimation of Pure Component Properties." Fluid Phase Equilibria 183–184: 183–208. ↗
  6. Joback, K. G., and R. C. Reid. 1987. "Estimation of Pure-Component Properties from Group-Contributions." Chemical Engineering Communications 57 (1–6): 233–243. ↗
  7. Sangster, J. 1997. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-97397-3.
  8. Mannhold, Raimund, and Han van de Waterbeemd. 2001. "Substructure and Whole Molecule Approaches for Calculating Log P." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 15 (4): 337–354. ↗
  9. Perrin, Ditlev D., Boyd Dempsey, and E. P. Serjeant. 1981. pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-21090-5.
  10. Constantinou, Leonidas, and Rafiqul Gani. 1994. "New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds." AIChE Journal 40 (10): 1697–1710. ↗
  11. Ertl, Peter, Bernhard Rohde, and Paul Selzer. 2000. "Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (20): 3714–3717. ↗
🔄 Konwerter jednostek stężeń LIVE MolGod_UNITCONV_1
/* translators: %s, %d itd. to wartosci dynamiczne wstawiane do komunikatu. */

Wpisz stężenie methylene blue w dowolnej jednostce — reszta obliczy się automatycznie.

MW: 319.9 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Wzory konwersji + cytacje (per formuła)
KonwersjaWzórDokładnośćŹródło
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 źródeł autorytatywnych)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
🧪 Kreator przygotowania roztworu WIZARD MolGod_PREP_1
① Wybierz stężenie
② Objętość docelowa
③ Rozpuszczalnik

Obliczenia wg: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

🛡️ Bezpieczeństwo — CAS 61-73-4MolGod_SAFEHUB_MAIN
Informacja o ograniczeniach danych. Informacje dotyczące bezpieczeństwa zawarte na tej stronie mają charakter informacyjny i nie zastępują pełnej karty charakterystyki (SDS). Przed użyciem produktu zapoznaj się z aktualną kartą charakterystyki producenta oraz wytycznymi GHS/CLP. Klasyfikacja CLP dotyczy czystej substancji bulk, nie preparatów handlowych.
MolGod_GHS_SF1

Klasyfikacja GHS/CLP — Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Niebezpieczeństwo (Danger)
GHS05 — Żrące
GHS05 Żrące
GHS07 — Drażniące / szkodliwe
GHS07 Drażniące / szkodliwe
GHS08 — Zagrożenie dla zdrowia
GHS08 Zagrożenie dla zdrowia

🚨 Zwroty wskazujące rodzaj zagrożenia (H)

  • H302 — Działa szkodliwie po połknięciu
  • H318 — Powoduje poważne uszkodzenie oczu
  • H361 — Podejrzewa się, że działa szkodliwie na płodność lub na dziecko w łonie matki
  • H370 — Powoduje uszkodzenie narządów
  • H372 — Powoduje uszkodzenie narządów poprzez długotrwałe lub powtarzane narażenie

🛡 Zwroty określające środki ostrożności (P)

  • P264 — Dokładnie umyć ręce po użyciu
  • P203 — Przed użyciem uzyskać, przeczytać i postępować zgodnie ze wszystkimi instrukcjami dotyczącymi bezpieczeństwa

⚠ Klasyfikacja na podstawie konsensusu źródeł (PubChem / zgłoszenia dostawców) — nie zweryfikowano względem zharmonizowanej klasyfikacji w załączniku VI (CLP). Zakres zagrożeń może być szerszy niż klasyfikacja urzędowa; przed zastosowaniem zweryfikować z aktualną kartą charakterystyki dostawcy.

Tłumaczenia: Rozporządzenie CLP (WE) 1272/2008, Załącznik III i IV. Dane: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Skonsolidowane referencje naukowe — Chicago Author-Date 10 źródeł

Referencje zebrane ze wszystkich zakładek Safety Hub. CAS: 61-73-4 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulacje
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2023)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

Zakładki z własnymi referencjami (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) zawierają dodatkowe pozycje bibliograficzne wewnątrz swoich sekcji.

📈 Statystyka analityczna (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2
MolGod_STATS_1

Wklej serię powtórzeń pomiarów (CSV lub po jednej liczbie w linii). Kalkulator policzy średnią, odchylenie, 95% CI, wykryje outliery (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separator: przecinek, spacja, tab, nowa linia. Min 3 pomiary.
📐 Formuły statystyczne
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — średnia arytmetyczna
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — wariancja próby
  • s = √s² — odchylenie standardowe
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — względne odchylenie
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test Grubbsa
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Źródło: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Kalkulator receptur buforów UNIKALNE
MolGod_BUFFER_1
References: Wartości pKa z Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Wybierz bufor z listy 20 popularnych systemów → wprowadź docelowe pH → otrzymasz dokładny przepis z masami do odważenia.

Krok 1: Wybierz system buforowy

📜 Historia przepisów (ostatnie 10)
📅 Project Planner — Lab experiment manager NOWOŚĆ
MolGod_PLANNER_1

Zaplanuj cały projekt laboratoryjny: dodaj eksperymenty z reagentami, powtórzeniami i czasem trwania. Otrzymasz wykres Gantta, listę zakupów (linki do sklepu!), budżet z 10% marginesem i macierz ryzyka GHS.

🔬 Metody HPLC/GC (3 metoda)
📄
Differential Induction of Astaxanthin, Lutein, and Canthaxanthin with Altered Fatty Acid Profiles in Chromochloris zofingiensis via a Two-Stage Cultivation Approach Using Different Chemical Modulators
LC-MS/MSLife202693% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Kolumna: C18, 250 x 4.6 mm, 90 \u03bcm
Faza: mobile phase consisted of solvent A (dichloromethane/methanol/acetonitrile/water, 5:85:5
Detekcja: UV 700 nm
Przepływ: 1.00 mL/min
Temp.: 25.0 °C
Inj.: 10 \u03bcL
Gradient: was performed as follows: 0% B for 8 min, a…
Niyompanich S, Kusolkumbot P, Kunyalung W, Watthammawut A, Powtongsook S. Differential Induction of Astaxanthin, Lutein, and Canthaxanthin with Altered Fatty Acid Profiles in Chromochloris zofingiensis via a Two-Stage Cultivation Approach Using Different Chemical Modulators. Life. 2026;16:799. doi:10.3390/life16050799
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
Chromochloris zofingiensis is a promising source of high-value bioproducts, particularly carotenoids and fatty acids. In this study, three selected chemical agents, including methylene blue (MB), salicylic acid (SA), and zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZN), representing their roles as an oxidant, a signal transducer, and a metal ion, respectively, were applied at 96 h post-inoculation to stimulate metabolite accumulation via a two-stage cultivation approach. None of the treatments significantly affected algal growth. Among the treatments, HPLC analysis showed that 2.5 mM ZN significantly exhibited a dual stimulatory effect on astaxanthin (1.679 ± 0.122 mg g−1) and lutein (4.257 ± 0.183 mg g−1) accumulation, which were 2.28- and 2.91-fold higher than the control, respectively. The 1 µM MB significantly enhanced the canthaxanthin content to 2.382 ± 0.210 mg g−1 (a 3.57-fold increase). Different SA concentrations selectively induced the target pigments of astaxanthin and lutein. APCI-QTOF analysis enabled the detection of echinenone in the microalgal extracts. Its identity and quantification were subsequently validated by HPLC, with the highest content detected under the 0.2 mM SA treatment. GC-FID analysis revealed changes in the composition of six major fatty acids, with C18:1 n-9 representing 50.01% of the total fatty acids under the 2.5 mM ZN treatment. These findings suggest that the two-stage approach could offer a practical and feasible strategy for microalgal biorefineries.
chemical modulatorsastaxanthinluteincanthaxanthinfatty acidstwo-stage cultivation approach
📄
Macro-micromorphological, anatomical, and phytochemical characterization of Cucumis melo var. agrestis Naudin: a potential source of natural antioxidants
HPLCScientific Reports202690% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Kolumna: C8, 15 \u03bcm
Faza: mobile phase was composed of water (A) and 0
Detekcja: UV 750 nm
Przepływ: 0.90 mL/min
Temp.: 25.0 °C
Inj.: 200 \u03bcL
Gradient: , as follows: 0 min (82% A); 0–1 min (82% A); 1–11 min…
Shehata F, Hamdy R, Garf I, Megahed E. Macro-micromorphological, anatomical, and phytochemical characterization of Cucumis melo var. agrestis Naudin: a potential source of natural antioxidants. Scientific Reports. 2026;16:12711. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-47246-7
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
A comprehensive study of macro-micro-morphological and anatomical seed and pollen characteristics of Cucumis melo var. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae) using plant materials gathered during field visits, the results showed that the plant is annual, pubescent, prostrate with a single hairy unbranched tendril, andro-monoecious; yellow perfect flowers and large male flowers on separate branches. Fruit yellowish green to yellow, fleshy, globular to ellipsoid, berry-like, indehiscent, pubescent when young, turns glabrous at maturity, many-seeded. Pollen grains are monads, sub-triangular, polar-shaped with tri-zonoporate aperture, reticulate texture, and foveolate ornamentation. Seed pale cream, obovoid with apical hilum, reticulate sculpture with hexagonal cells. The stem is circular with ridges; vascular bundles are arranged in two alternate rings.  The petiole has an oval outline with a groove along its the narrow side. The leaf has a U-shaped midrib region, and the mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy. The leaf and fruit phenolic profiles, antioxidant actavity, and free radical scavenging activity were studied. A qualitative phytochemical screening procedure was performed on the 70% ethanolic extract. The Phytochemical study revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, fatty acids, coumarins, terpenoids, and glycosides. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in the leaves and fruit was determined. The data showed that the ethanolic extract of leaves records the highest concentration of 55.71 mg GAE/g and 9.013 mg QE/g. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using different assays, including KMnO₄, methylene blue, DCPIP, and DPPH. In vitro methods using leaf and fruit extracts, the leaf extract showed significant action towards free radicals in all methods. The ethanolic extract was analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify its phenolic constituents. HPLC analysis of the ethanolic extract of Cucumis me...
AnatomyAntioxidantvar.DCPIPHPLCPollenSeedBiochemistry
📄
Determination of Methylene Blue and Its Metabolite Residues in Aquatic Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
HPLCMolecules202190% ✓CC-BYResearch method (specificity, robustness)
Kolumna: C18, 0.22 \u03bcm
Faza: Mobile phase A was ammonium acetate buffer (0
Detekcja: MS/MS
Przepływ: 0.30 mL/min
Temp.: 30.0 °C
Inj.: 25 \u03bcL
Gradient: program is listed in Table 5
Zhang X, Hui Y, Fang C, Wang Y, Han F, Lou X, et al. Determination of Methylene Blue and Its Metabolite Residues in Aquatic Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules. 2021;26:4975. doi:10.3390/molecules26164975
🔗 DOI🏠 PMC📚 PubMed📄 PDF
A sensitive and reliable method was developed to determine methylene blue (MB) and its metabolite residues, including azure A (AZA), azure B (AZB), and azure C (AZC) in aquatic products by HPLC–MS/MS. The samples were extracted by acetonitrile and cleaned up by alumina-neutral (ALN) cartridges. The analytes were separated on a Sunfire C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 µm). The method was validated according to the European criteria of Commission Decision 2002/657/CE. Good linearity between 1–500 µg/L was obtained with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.99. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1.0 µg/kg. The average recoveries at three levels of each compound (1, 5, and 10 µg/kg) were demonstrated to be in the range of 71.8–97.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 1.05% to 8.63%. This method was suitable for the detection of methylene blue and its metabolite residues in aquatic products.
high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometrymethylene bluedisinfectantaquatic products
📈 Walidacja metody (ICH Q2)

Brak danych walidacyjnych. Skontaktuj się z autorem metody.

Parametry wg: ICH Q2(R2) ↗

📋 Porównanie metod
Technika Kolumna Czas analizy Detekcja Faza ruchoma Źródło
LC-MS/MS C18 — UV 700 nm mobile phase consisted of solvent A (dichloromethane/methanol/acetonitrile/water, 5:85:5 DOI ↗
HPLC C8 — UV 750 nm mobile phase was composed of water (A) and… DOI ↗
HPLC C18 — MS/MS Mobile phase A was ammonium acetate buffer (0 DOI ↗
🔧 Troubleshooting HPLC/GC
Szerokie piki / tailing
Przyczyny: Zużyta kolumna, złe pH fazy, przeciążenie kolumny, dead volume
Rozwiązanie: Wymień kolumnę, sprawdź pH buforu (±0.2), zmniejsz objętość nastrzyku, sprawdź połączenia
Dryft linii bazowej
Przyczyny: Zanieczyszczona faza ruchoma, gradient, temperatura niestabilna
Rozwiązanie: Odgazuj fazę, filtruj 0.22 µm, stabilizuj temperaturę kolumny, przemyj system
Brak piku
Przyczyny: Zła długość fali, substancja nie eluuje, rozkład termiczny, zła faza
Rozwiązanie: Sprawdź λmax, wydłuż gradient, obniż temperaturę, zmień fazę ruchomą
Piki duchów (ghost peaks)
Przyczyny: Zanieczyszczenie systemu, carry-over, zanieczyszczone fiolki
Rozwiązanie: Wyczyść system (MeOH/H₂O), użyj nowych fiolek, wstrzyknij blank
Niski odzysk
Przyczyny: Adsorpcja na ściankach, niedostateczna ekstrakcja, rozkład
Rozwiązanie: Dodaj IS, silanizuj szkło, zoptymalizuj ekstrakcję, sprawdź stabilność

Źródła: Snyder, Kirkland & Dolan ↗, Waters ↗

🧪 Rozpuszczalność i kompatybilność z solwentami MolGod_SOLUB_1
Molekuła
methylene blue
Wzór
C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S
logP
—
Masa (g/mol)
319.9
Polarność
Umiarkowana

⚠️ Estymacja GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Brak danych literaturowych HSP dla tego CAS — precyzja ±2 MPa½. Weryfikuj eksperymentalnie.

Solwent Kompat. Ra Wizual GC-MS HPLC Zastosowania Referencje
Water (H₂O)− Słaba36.9
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell-cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrofilne)
Ethanol (EtOH)− Słaba14.5
✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)− Słaba17.7
✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm
Acetone~ Śr.10.0
✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallizationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)− Słaba16.2
✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSO− Słaba18.3
✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THF~ Śr.9.9
✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallic
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)− Słaba12.9
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallization (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)~ Śr.11.9
✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexane~ Śr.10.7
✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene− Słaba13.7
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisDean-Stark azeotropic drying
📚 Naukowe referencje dla solwentów (Chicago Author-Date) — kliknij aby rozwinąć

11 solwentów × 5 niezależnych źródeł naukowych (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS). 55+ pełnych cytowań poniżej.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria rozpuszczalności (zastosowane w przewidywaniu kompatybilności):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + wzór Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Kompletny tabularny zestaw 250+ rozpuszczalników (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 61-73-4 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Kompletna bibliografia w akordeonie REFERENCJE (na dole strony) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

📚 FAQ techniczne — methylene blue (5) MolGod_TECHFAQ_1
❓ Jak przygotować roztwór standardowy Methylene Blue o stężeniu 10^-4 mol/L?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q0
Aby przygotować roztwór standardowy Methylene Blue (C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S, m.cz. 319.9 g/mol) o stężeniu 10^-4 mol/L: 1. Oblicz masę potrzebną na 1 L roztworu: n = C × V = 10^-4 mol/L × 1 L = 10^-4 mol. Masa = n × m.cz. = 10^-4 mol × 319.9 g/mol = 0.03199 g. 2. Odważ 0.03199 g Methylene Blue i rozpuść w minimalnej objętości wody destylowanej. 3. Uzupełnij do 1 L wodą destylowaną.
Pomocne?
❓ W jakich warunkach należy przechowywać Methylene Blue, aby zachować jego stabilność?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q1
Methylene Blue należy przechowywać: 1. W temperaturze pokojowej (15-25°C). 2. W ciemności (chronić przed światłem, szczególnie UV), gdyż jest wrażliwy na fotodegradację. 3. W suchym miejscu, z dala od wilgoci i substancji utleniających. Zaleca się przechowywanie w ciemnych butelkach szklanych.
Pomocne?
❓ Jaka metoda analityczna jest najbardziej odpowiednia do oznaczania Methylene Blue, biorąc pod uwagę jego logP i masę molową?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q2
Dla Methylene Blue (logP ≈ -1.5, m.cz. 319.9 g/mol) zalecana jest: 1. HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) z detektorem UV (λ = 610 nm), ponieważ substancja ma umiarkowaną polarność i wysoką masę molową, co czyni ją odpowiednią dla tej techniki. GC (Gas Chromatography) nie jest zalecane ze względu na niskie logP i wysoką masę molową.
Pomocne?
❓ Jakie są główne reaktywności i niezgodności chemiczne Methylene Blue?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q3
Methylene Blue: 1. Reaguje z silnymi utleniaczami (np. KMnO₄, H₂O₂), tworząc kompleksy lub ulegając degradacji. 2. Jest wrażliwy na kwasy i zasady - może ulegać hydrolizie. 3. Niezgodności: unikać kontaktu z substancjami silnie kwasowymi/zasadowymi oraz utleniającymi. Zaleca się stosowanie buforów o pH ~7.
Pomocne?
❓ W jakich praktycznych zastosowaniach laboratoryjnych wykorzystuje się Methylene Blue?
MolGod_TECHFAQ_1_Q4
Methylene Blue jest używany m.in.: 1. Jako wskaźnik pH (zakres: kwaśny do lekko zasadowego, zmiana koloru od żółtego do niebieskiego). 2. W analizie biochemicznej do oznaczania zawartości białek lub lipidów (np. w testach jakościowych). 3. Jako barwnik w mikroskopii komórkowej do barwienia mitochondriów.
Pomocne?
🧮 Kalkulatory laboratoryjne (8) MolGod_LABCALC_1
Rozcieńczenie (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarność (M=n/V)
pH Bufor (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masa → Mole
Stężenie % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatura C↔F↔K

Formuły zweryfikowane: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Bazy widm spektroskopowych MolGod_SPECDB_3
📋 Generator protokołu laboratoryjnego MolGod_PROTOCOL_1

Protokół wygenerowany na podstawie: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generator etykiety (QR) MolGod_LABEL_1
Methylene Blue• methylene blue• CAS: 61-73-4• Formula: C16H18ClN3S• Mass: 319.90 g/molNIEBEZPIECZEŃSTWOZWROTY RYZYKA GHS:H302: Działa szkodliwie po połknięciuH318: Powoduje poważne uszkodzenie oczuP264: Dokładnie umyć ręce po użyciuP203: Przed użyciem uzyskać, przeczytać i postępować zgodnie ze wszystkimiSOLUTIONSul. Juliana Przybosia 8, 21-400 Łuków+48 794 171 794[email protected]www.marmakchemicals.euWYŁĄCZNIE DO CELÓW LABORATORYJNYCH!Batch No.: Netto Mass: MFG: Init: • IUPAC: [7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene]-dimethylazanium chloride
🧪 Asystent przygotowania roztworu (Smart Prep) MolGod_PREP_2

Wpisz co chcesz przygotować — wygeneruję SOP

Przykłady poniżej — kliknij żeby wstawić:
Gotowe przepisy:
📚 Przegląd literatury naukowej — CAS 61-73-4MolGod_LITHUB_MAIN
MolGod_RHIGHL_LT1
⭐ Najważniejsze odkrycia (literatura naukowa) 6 publikacji
🏆 CAS 61-73-4 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% cytowania · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Heba M. Hashem, Mahmoud El‐Maghrabey, Rania El‐Shaheny (2024) · Scientific Reports
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2024) · open access
    SCORE 11.49 Mechanizm Cytowań: 55 Open Access DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Wenfang Zhou, Kristen Carlson, Qingfeng Wu et al. (2023) · Crystals
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2023) · open access
    SCORE 9.68 Mechanizm Cytowań: 14 Open Access DOI ↗
  3. #3
    Canossa, Stefano, Giovanni Predieri, Claudia Graiff et al. (2018) · Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications
    Dlaczego ważne: Open access
    SCORE 8.57 Mechanizm Cytowań: 10 Open Access DOI ↗
  4. #4
    Zhu YJ, Shi YT, Shi SY et al. (2025) · Annals of medicine
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2025) · przegląd · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Przegląd Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    Smith BA, Robinson R, Most AK (2026) · Journal of pharmacy practice
    Dlaczego ważne: Aktualna (2026) · przegląd
    SCORE 4 Przegląd DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    [Methylene blue test].
    HINSELMANN H (1950) · Anais brasileiros de ginecologia
    Dlaczego ważne: Must-cite (kanon) · praca historyczna (1950)
    SCORE 2.25 Historyczna MUST-CITE

Description



Methylene Blue – Opis Produktu Chemicznego

Charakterystyka

  • Nazwa chemiczna: Methylene Blue
  • Wzór chemiczny: C10H8N2O2
  • Masa molowa (w g/mol): 172,19
  • Gęstość (kg/m3): 2,02
  • Temperatura topnienia (°C): 345
  • Temperatura wrzenia (°C): brak danych
  • Barwa: Niebieska (-) / Czerwonofioletowa (+)
  • Rozpuszczalność w wodzie (g/100ml): 4,5 – 4,7

Zastosowanie

  • Przemysłowe zastosowania: Barwnik w przemyśle tekstylnym, farbiarstwo, produkcja lakierów, tworzyw sztucznych
  • Akwarystyka: Służy do regulacji pH i absorpcji azotanów w akwariach słodkowodnych
  • Laboratoryjne zastosowania: Wskaźnik redoks, reakcje chemiczne w laboratorium

Bezpieczeństwo

Methylene Blue jest stosunkowo bezpiecznym związkiem chemicznym, ale pewne środki ostrożności powinny być przestrzegane. Unikaj kontaktu z oczami i skórą. W przypadku kontaktu, natychmiast spłucz dużą ilością wody. Methylene Blue może reagować z kwasami i zasadami, tworząc niebezpieczne opary. Pracuj w dobrze wentylowanym pomieszczeniu, używaj odpowiednich środków ochrony osobistej, takich jak rękawice i okulary ochronne. Skonsultuj się z lokalnym centrum kontroli zatruć w przypadku podejrzenia zatrucia.

Przechowywanie

Methylene Blue należy przechowywać w szczelnie zamkniętym pojemniku, w suchym i chłodnym miejscu. Unikaj ekspozycji na bezpośrednie światło słoneczne. Trzy

Additional information

Gramatura

1 g — zł34.91

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📈 Gradient HPLC — optymalizator (LSS) SZABLON

logP nieznane — PubChem nie zwrócił XLogP. Poniższy gradient to ogólny szablon 5–95% MeCN/H2O w 15 min; zweryfikuj parametry przed użyciem.

⚠ logP unavailable. PubChem nie zwrócił właściwości XLogP3 dla tego CAS. Wartości gradientu poniżej to ogólny szablon — nie LSS dopasowany do związku.
  • Kolumna: C18
  • Bufor: phosphate
  • Przepływ: 1 mL/min
  • logP: logP unavailable
  • Rampa: 21% → 95% B, 15 min
  • Całkowity czas analizy: 28 min
t (min) %A %B flow (mL/min) Komentarz
0 79 21 1 start (równowaga)
2 79 21 1 koniec hold init
17 5 95 1 koniec rampy LSS
22 5 95 1 mycie kolumny
23 79 21 1 powrót do init
28 79 21 1 reekwilibracja
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 9 — gradient elution, LSS theory (cited as Snyder et al. 2010 in tool description).
  2. Schoenmakers, Peter J. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. — Numerical optimization of gradient programs.
  3. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. — Foundational LSS reference for the %B_init = 5 + 8·logP heuristic implemented here.
  4. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. [DOI ↗] — Modern review of gradient retention models — basis for non-LSS extensions.
  5. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  6. Dong, Michael W. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. — Modern UHPLC gradient programming, sub-2 µm scaling rules.
  7. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  8. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗] — Reference for orthogonal gradient design (2D-LC second dimension).
  9. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.
  10. Meyer, Veronika R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. — Chapter 7 — practical gradient design with isokratyczny scouting.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531. [DOI ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. [DOI ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. [DOI ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. [DOI ↗]

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/hplc/gradient/61-73-4

📐 Kalkulator symetrii piku HPLC (USP Tf / As) FEATURE J

Oblicz współczynnik ogonowości USP (T) oraz asymetrię (As) z połówkowych szerokości piku. Wprowadź a (lewa półszerokość) i b (prawa półszerokość) zmierzone na 5% lub 10% wysokości piku.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines USP Tailing Factor T = (a+b)/(2a) measured at 5% peak height.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Tailing factor is a system suitability parameter (Section 6).
  3. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Original asymmetry factor As = b/a at 10% height (Foley & Dorsey 1983).
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2.4 — peak shape diagnostics and remedies.
  5. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." LCGC North America 21: 610-614 [link ↗] — How tailing factor degrades effective resolution.
  6. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗] — Modern numerical deconvolution for asymmetric peaks.
  7. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH. — Practical Tf and As thresholds for routine QC.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  9. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  10. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." Journal of Chromatography B 877: 2120-2129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052 [link ↗]
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]
📊 Kalkulator rozdzielczości i liczby półek (Rs, N, H) FEATURE K

Oblicz rozdzielczość Rs, liczbę półek teoretycznych N oraz HETP (H) dla pary pików HPLC. Wprowadź czasy retencji, szerokości pików (na 50% lub na podstawie) i długość kolumny.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16754-0. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 [link ↗] — Chapter 2 covers resolution, plate count and HETP fundamentals (Snyder et al. 2010).
  2. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines Rs >= 1.5 acceptance criterion and N calculation methods.
  3. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." LCGC North America 21: 350-353 [link ↗] — Practical guidance on Rs targets for routine method development.
  4. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." Chemical Engineering Science 5: 271-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1 [link ↗] — Origin of N = 5.54·(tr/w0.5)² half-height plate count formulation.
  5. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-1357-7. — Resolution equation Rs = (1/4)·√N·(α-1)/α·k/(1+k) (master equation).
  6. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." Analytical Chemistry 55: 730-737 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033 [link ↗] — Skewed-peak corrections to apparent N.
  7. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." Journal of Chromatographic Science 15: 352-364 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352 [link ↗]
  8. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  9. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-31378-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793 [link ↗]
  10. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." 5th ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-68218-0.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial." Analytical Chemistry 89: 519-531 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506 [link ↗]
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094 [link ↗]
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182 https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026 [link ↗]
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33473-5.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z [link ↗]

Related products

🧪 System Suitability — kalkulator live (USP <621>) FEATURE L

Wprowadź dane z 5-6 wstrzyknięć (areas, tr, tailing, plates) — kalkulator policzy %RSD, średnie i sprawdzi zgodność z USP <621>. Możesz wkleić CSV (po przecinku) lub edytować pojedyncze wartości.

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." USP-NF 2024 ed. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. [link ↗] — Defines RSD area < 2%, tailing < 2.0, N > 2000 acceptance criteria.
  2. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2023. "Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2)." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — Section 5.4 — system suitability is part of method validation.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. "Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods." US Food and Drug Administration. [link ↗] — CDER reviewer perspective on chromatographic validation expectations.
  4. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." 3rd ed. Wiley. — Chapter 2 — system suitability fundamentals (RSD, Tf, N).
  5. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." — Robustness vs. system suitability — design-of-experiments framework.
  6. Rozet, Eric, et al.. 2013. "Analysis of recent pharmaceutical regulatory documents on analytical method validation."
  7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2011. "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation EMEA/CHMP/EWP/192217/2009." EMA. [link ↗] — EMA companion guideline with bioanalytical SS criteria.
  8. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. "HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists." 2nd ed. Wiley. — UHPLC-specific suitability adjustments (n=5 vs. n=6).
  9. Kazakevich, Yuri V., and Rosario LoBrutto, eds.. 2007. "HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists." Wiley-Interscience.
  10. AOAC International. 2016. "Appendix F: Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements." AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [link ↗] — Alternative SS thresholds for food/dietary samples.
  11. Stoll, Dwight R., and Peter W. Carr. 2017. "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial."
  12. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC."
  13. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations."
  14. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. "100 Years of Chromatography." 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH.
  15. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography."
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📚 REFERENCJE (Bibliografia zbiorcza, Chicago Author-Date) 104 items
MolGod_REFS_1

Wszystkie źródła naukowe cytowane w akordeonach powyżej dla CAS 61-73-4. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.

🗄️ Bazy danych naukowych

  1. PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 61-73-4. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)
  2. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 61-73-4. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=61-73-4. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)
  3. AIST. 2026. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 61-73-4. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)

📐 Standardy / Wytyczne

  1. ICH. 2026. "ICH Harmonised Guideline: CAS 61-73-4." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Książki

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 Monografie

  1. IARC. 2026. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 61-73-4. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. (Accessed 2026-08-01.)

📄 Artykuły naukowe (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Strony internetowe

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  10. Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.
  11. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.
  12. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005.
  13. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  14. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793.
  15. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  16. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions.
  17. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.
  18. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.
  19. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  20. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1.
  21. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.
  22. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2.
  23. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026.
  24. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094.
  25. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352.
  26. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.
  27. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z.
  28. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.
  29. Snyder, L. R.. 1978. "Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223.
  30. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.
  31. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h.
  32. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.
  33. Boysen, Reinhard I., and Milton T. W. Hearn. 2009. "Multi-modal HPLC of proteins." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.8.645.
  34. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
  35. Foley, Joe P., and John G. Dorsey. 1983. "Equations for calculation of chromatographic figures of merit for ideal and skewed peaks." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00255a033.
  36. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  37. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "Peak tailing and resolution." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/peak-tailing-and-resolution.
  38. Kromidas, Stavros. 2017. "HPLC Made to Measure: A Practical Handbook for Optimization." Wiley-VCH.
  39. Heyden, Yvan Vander, et al.. 2009. "Robustness of pharmaceutical liquid chromatographic methods." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.052.
  40. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  41. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  42. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  43. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  44. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  45. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  46. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
  47. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography." John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183.
  48. Dolan, John W.. 2003. "How much resolution is enough?." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/how-much-resolution-enough.
  49. USP General Chapter <621>. 2024. "Chromatography (System Suitability section)." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. https://www.usp.org/harmonization-standards/pdg/general-chapters/chromatography.
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